Abstract:We present a comprehensive review of perceptions and methods around the Ecological Footprint (EF), based on a survey of more than 50 international EF stakeholders and a review of more than 150 original papers on EF methods and applications over the last decade. The key points identified in the survey are that the EF (a) is seen as a strong communication tool, (b) has a limited role within a policy context, (c) is limited in scope, (d) should be closer aligned to the UN System of Environmental and Economic Accounting and (e) is most useful as part of a basket of indicators. Key issues from the review of methods are: (a) none of the major methods identified can address all relevant issues and questions at once, (b) basing bioproductivity calculations on Net Primary Production (NPP) is a promising approach, (c) advances in linking bioproductivity with ecosystem services and biodiversity have been made by the Dynamic EF concept and the HANPP indicator, (d) environmentally extended input-output analysis (IOA) provides a number of advantages for improving EF calculations and (e) further variations such as the emergy-based concept or the inclusion of further pollutants are not regarded as providing a fundamental shift to the usefulness of EF for policy making. We also discuss the implications of our findings for the use of the EF as a headline indicator for sustainability decision-making.Keywords: ecological footprint; perception; methodology; policy relevance
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Two major diagnostic signs characterize cervicitis: 1) a purulent or mucopurulent endocervical exudate visible in the endocervical canal or on an endocervical swab specimen (commonly referred to as mucopurulent cervicitis), and 2) sustained endocervical bleeding easily induced by gentle passage of a cotton swab through the cervical os. Either or both signs might be present. Cervicitis frequently is asymptomatic; however, certain women might report an abnormal vaginal discharge and intermenstrual vaginal bleeding (e.g., especially after sexual intercourse). The criterion of using an increased number of WBCs on endocervical Gram stain in the diagnosis of cervicitis has not been standardized; it is not sensitive, has a low positive predictive value for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infections, and is not available in most clinical settings (297,761). Leukorrhea, defined as >10 WBCs/HPF on microscopic examination of vaginal fluid, might be a sensitive indicator of cervical inflammation with a high negative predictive value (i.e., cervicitis is unlikely in the absence of leukorrhea) (762,763). Finally, although the presence of gram-negative intracellular diplococci on Gram stain of endocervical exudate might be specific for diagnosing gonococcal cervical infection when evaluated by an experienced laboratorian, it is not a sensitive indicator of infection (764).
Evaluating children for sexual assault or abuse should be conducted in a manner designed to minimize pain and trauma to the child. Examinations and collection of vaginal specimens in prepubertal girls can be extremely uncomfortable and should be performed by an experienced clinician to avoid psychological and physical trauma to the child. The decision to obtain genital or other specimens from a child to evaluate for STIs should be made on an individual basis. However, children who received a diagnosis of one STI should be screened for other STIs. History and reported type of sexual contact might not be a reliable indicator, and urogenital, pharyngeal, and rectal testing should be considered for preverbal children and children who cannot verbalize details of the assault (1438,1449). Factors that should lead the physician to consider testing for STIs include the following (1449):
High Flyers(1) Looking for froth. (2) Breadth indicators showing broad-based advance. (3) Analysts turning even more bullish on S&P 500 revenues, and see double-digit earnings growth this year and next two years. (4) Revenues and earnings are flying for the high-flying Magnificent 10 of the S&P 500. (5) Six Republican senators are on the fence. Trump needs four of them to pass tax reform. (6) What do the six fence sitters want?
Thanksgiving(1) Thanks to family, friends, and others. (2) Next stop for S&P 500: 4 x 666, then 5 x 666. (3) Second best bull market since 1928. (4) Raising S&P 500 target for mid-2018 to 2700-2800. (5) Tax cuts could trigger meltup. (6) Oh no! FY 2017 federal deficit was $666 billion. (7) Federal government outlays at record high, led by spending on redistributing income. (8) Tax receipts flatten despite strong payroll tax receipts. (9) Actual corporate tax receipts suggest even lower effective tax rate. (10) Leading indicators pointing higher for economy.
Animal Spirits Revisited (1) The disconnect between soft and hard data is gone. (2) Boom ahead? (3) Nirvana scenario could set stage for Meltup scenario. (4) Q1-2018 could test boom hypothesis. (5) Surprise Index makes a not-so-surprising comeback. (6) More buying and less renting of homes. (7) Unemployment rates confirm tight labor market. (8) CEOs remain upbeat, and it shows in capital spending. (9) Transportation indicators are booming. (10) Business surveys are hot. (11) S&P 500 forward earnings making weekly record highs. (12) Are there too many bulls?
2018 Is Coming(1) Q3 earnings cut by hurricanes and by analysts doing what comes naturally. (2) Industry analysts expecting solid revenues growth in 2018, with higher profit margins also boosting earnings. (3) Catalonians want to secede from Spain. (4) Companies ready to say adios. (5) Spanish economic indicators are muy bueno across the board. (6) Spanish stocks remain relatively cheap despite separatist issue.
Steady Does It(1) The four seasons. (2) Industry analysts holding onto double-digit S&P 500 earnings growth for 2017 and 2018. (3) Earnings outlook more likely buoyed by improving global economy than by Trump agenda, which is still on the come. (4) Consensus forward revenues and earnings providing bullish guidance. (5) Global PMIs signaling slow, but steady growth. (6) European holiday: lots of festive indicators. (7) French are world-class shoppers. (8) Two drags on growth: labor shortages and subdued wage gains.
Second Thoughts(1) Dealmakers sinking in the swamp. (2) Animal spirits remain mostly aroused. (3) Back to new normal real GDP growth. (4) Cruising along at 2%. (5) Citigroup Economic Surprise Index fluctuates. (6) Housing starts depressed by fewer DIYs. (7) Not-so-bad retail sales and production indicators. (8) Looking up in NY and Philly districts. (9) Record highs for forward revenues and earnings. (10) It all adds up to our No-Boom-No-Bust scenario, which remains bullish for stocks. 2ff7e9595c
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